Here is a workplace situation I've recently become cognizant of, based on two cases in particular, and also a general sense of how perversely things usually play out. Okay, here's my littlebittytheory: Let's say you have a pretty good-sized manufacturing company, okay? So,let's say it is on a grand enough scale that the company employs an "Engineering Staff", okay? These are typically college boys, who prefer office work--filling out forms, paper shuffles, and sitting through meetings to take up their time. They like staying nice and clean, and not getting dirty & sweaty on the job. Plus, they have a sense of entitlement because they have been taught that "after all, I have a college degree, and I am WORTH more". See? Okay, the typical manufacturing operation has office boys aka college-educated kids who really aren't all that handy. They're accustomed to buying new stuff, that doesn't need any work, so that they can spend their leisure time enjoying "the finer things in life". IOW, catering to their wife and kids. See? Their background consists of on-the-job office work. But, they are an "Electrical Engineer" or a "Mechanical Engineer". But, at home, their wife hires an electrician to change a light bulb, or take their nice, clean, new, safe, nice, clean, new car in to an official authorized service center to have factory-trained technicians(grease monkeys with no degree) put air in the tires. After all, besides wanting to avoid the hassle, and wanting it "done right", Mr Engineer and his wife have more important things to do---tickets to the Ballet, for instance. Golfing. Stupid stuff like that. Anyway, I noticed that several of these "engineers" in my typical case studies held multiple patents! They were not major advances in technology, but rather minor but useful improvements in manufacturing processes. More specifically, the patent really described a technique that was supposed to have resolved some minor glitch in the process that slowed down the line or caused inefficiency or quality control problems. So, Mr "Engineer" came up with a BRILLIANT idea, due to his superior intelligence and advanced education, and saved the day, right? Well, not really. What Mr Engineer did was have an assignment given to him in one of the many meetings that fills up his day. The assignment was to put on a nice clean white lab coat, a nice clean white helmet, and nice new safety glasses on, & go out in the shop(god forbid)where it is hot and noisy, and investigate a quality-control or production bottleneck that the bean-counters say is costing the company money. Are you with me? Mr Engineer does have the companies' back, so he does possess some authority over production personnel. Plus, he knows that being a nice, smooth talker and good "interpersonal skills" will be of value. Anyway, he goes out in the shop, and enlists the aid of various experienced production personnel and their supervisors; he informs them of the necessity of resolving the problem that the bean-counters have identified. To make a long story short, Mr Engineer rides herd on the production people to find a solution. He may give some of his college-boy input, even though he lacks practical experience. The main thing is to keep on Those People" to come up with a solution. He will go back to his office, and document what progress has been made, how much time has been expended, and so forth. He may even use outside resources--manuals, textbooks, the internet, networking with colleagues past and present, not only to occupy his time in the air-conditioning, but to gain helpful information that he can use to prod Those People out in the shop. He may get the people in the tool room, involved. He may call in a consultant. But, the main thing is to document it all, so he can report in on the meetings that fill up his day. See? Finally--long at last--Eureka! The dumb greaseballs in the shop that Mr Engineer has been nagging have stumbled upon a solution, after much collective trial-and-error. So, Mr "Engineer" documents it all, keeps track of everything, and has good news to report in the meetings that fill up his day. See? After awhile, it is seen that the production snafu has been resolved, by a unique, proprietary process that needs to protected by law, since it is "intellectual property". Say, the company makes frozen doughnuts, and the holes are not perfectly round, and the idiots out in the shop finally figured out by guess-and-by-golly(as opposed to Mr Engineer using his proficiency at calculus), that putting a finer finish on the donut hole puncher makes them more uniform. Okay--Mr Engineer goes back to his office, documents this modern miracle, attends the very next meeting, and is advised by the bean counters to file for a patent for this technological advance, on behalf of the company, with him getting the professional, resume-building credit. So, Mr Engineer then forwards his summary description of the NEW improved process to the Legal department at corporate Headquarters, and the Lady Attorney that handles that kind of thing files for a patent. See how easy it is, when you are smart, like an "Engineer"? It pays to be good at high-school calculus and physics, doesn't it? Hope that helps you some. Thankk Mee.