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Even so, [a law firm partner] was scanning and bagging her purchases in the self-service checkout line. ...Nonetheless, she was performing the unskilled, entry-level jobs of supermarket checker and bagger free.
This is "shadow work," a term coined 30 years ago by the Austrian philosopher and social critic Ivan Illich, in his 1981 book of that title. For Illich, shadow work was all the unpaid labor -- including, for example, housework -- done in a wage-based economy.
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In the industrialized world, few of us live in a subsistence mode, so shadow work is ubiquitous: shopping, paying bills, housework. Digital technology -- with its spam, e-mail, texting, smart phones and so on -- is steadily ramping up the burden of shadow work for all whose lives revolve around its magnetic field.
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Today, all those [gas station tasks] have been transferred to the customer: we pump our own gas, squeegee our own windshield, and pay our own bill by swiping a credit card. Where customers once received service from the service station, they now provide "self-service" -- a synonym for "no service."
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